A Comprehensive Guide to Integrated Circuits by K. R. Botkar
kr botkar integrated circuits pdf 11
Integrated circuits are electronic devices that consist of many tiny components such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc. that are fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material such as silicon. Integrated circuits have revolutionized the fields of electronics, communication, computing, and many others by enabling the miniaturization, mass production, and high performance of complex electronic systems.
kr botkar integrated circuits pdf 11
K.R. Botkar is a professor of electronics engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. He has written a comprehensive book on integrated circuits that covers the theory, design, and applications of various types of integrated circuits. The book is titled "Integrated Circuits" and it is published by Khanna Publishers. The book has 17 chapters and it is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate students of electronics engineering as well as practicing engineers and researchers.
The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the book by summarizing the main topics covered in each chapter. The article will also provide some examples, diagrams, tables, and formulas to illustrate the concepts and techniques discussed in the book. The article will not go into the details of each topic but rather give an outline of the key points and references for further reading.
Chapter 2: Thick Film and Thin Film Hybrid ICs
Thick film and thin film hybrid ICs are types of integrated circuits that use printed circuit boards (PCBs) as substrates for mounting discrete components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, diodes, etc. The components are connected to the PCB using soldering or wire bonding techniques. The PCB is then encapsulated in a plastic or ceramic package to protect the circuit from environmental factors.
Thick film and thin film hybrid ICs differ in the method of depositing the films of conductive, resistive, and dielectric materials on the PCB. In thick film hybrid ICs, the films are applied by screen printing and firing special pastes that have the desired properties. In thin film hybrid ICs, the films are deposited by vacuum evaporation or cathode sputtering of the source materials.
Thick film and thin film hybrid ICs have some advantages and disadvantages compared to monolithic ICs. Some of the advantages are:
- They can form passive components with a wider range and better tolerances - They can provide better isolation between their components - They can offer greater flexibility in circuit design - They can deliver better high-frequency performance Some of the disadvantages are:
- They are larger in physical size - They are more expensive to produce - They cannot fabricate active components such as transistors and diodes Some of the applications of thick film and thin film hybrid ICs are:
- Power electronics such as converters, inverters, regulators, etc. - Communication electronics such as modulators, demodulators, filters, amplifiers, etc. - Sensor electronics such as thermocouples, strain gauges, pressure sensors, etc. How to calculate resistance, capacitance, inductance, and temperature coefficient of hybrid ICs?
The resistance, capacitance, inductance, and temperature coefficient of hybrid ICs depend on the geometry and material properties of the films. The following formulas can be used to calculate them:
Parameter
Formula
Resistance
R = ρL/A
Capacitance
C = εA/d
Inductance
L = μNA/l
Temperature coefficient
α = (R2 - R1) / (R1(T2 - T1))
Where:
R is the resistance in ohms (Ω)
C is the capacitance in farads (F)
L is the inductance in henrys (H)
α is the temperature coefficient in ppm/C
ρ is the resistivity in ohm-meters (Ω-m)
ε is the permittivity in farads per meter (F/m)
μ is the permeability in henrys per meter (H/m)
A is the area of the film in square meters (m)
d is the thickness of the film in meters (m)
N is the number of turns of the spiral film
l is the average length of one turn of the spiral film in meters (m)
R1 and R2 are the resistances at temperatures T1 and T2 respectively in ohms (Ω)
T1 and T2 are the temperatures in degrees Celsius (C)
Chapter 3: Semiconductor Devices Fundamentals
Semiconductor devices are electronic devices that use semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, etc. to control the flow of electric current. Semiconductor devices are the building blocks of integrated circuits and they have many applications in electronics, communication, computing, and many other fields.
The basic concepts of semiconductor physics and materials include:
- The structure and classification of solids based on their atomic bonding and electrical conductivity - The energy band theory that explains how electrons occupy different energy levels in solids - The concept of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors that have different types and concentrations of impurities or dopants - The concept of charge carriers such as electrons and holes that move under electric fields or thermal gradients - The concept of drift and diffusion currents that result from the motion of charge carriers - The concept of generation and recombination processes that create or annihilate charge carriers - The concept of equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions that affect the distribution and behavior of charge carriers How to calculate resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility, diffusion coefficient, and drift velocity of semiconductors?
The resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility, diffusion coefficient, and drift velocity of semiconductors depend on the type, temperature, and doping level of the semiconductor material. The following formulas can be used to calculate them:
Parameter
Formula
Resistivity
ρ = 1 / (qnμn + qpμp)
Carrier concentration
n = ni exp[(EF - Ei) / kT]
Mobility
μ = qτ / m*
Diffusion coefficient
D = μkT / q
Drift velocity
v = μE
Where:
ρ is the resistivity in ohm-meters (Ω-m)
n is the electron concentration in per cubic meter (m)
p is the hole concentration in per cubic meter (m)
q is the elementary charge in coulombs (C)
μn is the electron mobility in square meters per volt-second (m/V-s)
μp is the hole mobility in square meters per volt-second (m/V-s)
ni is the intrinsic carrier concentration in per cubic meter (m)
EF is the Fermi level in joules (J)
Ei is the intrinsic Fermi level in joules (J)
k is the Boltzmann constant in joules per kelvin (J/K)
T is the absolute temperature in kelvins (K)
τ is the average carrier lifetime in seconds (s)
m* is the effective mass of the carrier in kilograms (kg)
D is the diffusion coefficient in square meters per second (m/s)
v is the drift velocity in meters per second (m/s)
E is the electric field in volts per meter (V/m)
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